Twenty years ago, many of us connected to the internet listening to the tones of the dial-up modem. We stressed about how Y2K was going to impact our increasingly computer-dependent lives on New Year’s Eve, 2000.
But we survived Y2K and now we scroll through the internet silently on our phones.
There is no question that technology has changed. But, at the same time that our lives on Earth were being shaped by our access to technology, 705 kilometers above us, a satellite was changing how we understood our planet. Designed and built in the 1980s and 90s, NASA and Lockheed Martin engineers set out to build a satellite that could take simultaneous measurements of Earth’s atmosphere, land, and water. Its mission – to understand how Earth is changing and to identify the consequences for life on Earth.
For 20 years, Terra, the flagship Earth observing satellite, has chronicled those changes. Season after season, Terra data continues to help us understand how the evolving systems of our planet affect our lives – and how we can use that data to benefit society.
Cleaner Air and Health
Breathing clean air is important to sustaining healthy lives. Three of Terra’s instruments – the Multi-angle Imaging Spectroradiometer (MISR), Moderate Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS), and Measurements of Pollution in the Troposphere (MOPITT) – track air quality across the globe, identifying harmful sources and helping people take precautions on poor air quality days.
MODIS, with its daily global observations, combined with MISR’s detailed views of airborne particles, produce imagery and data products used to track pollutants through the atmosphere as well as to forecast poor air quality days.
Terra data are giving us a reason to breathe a little easier, showing us that air quality in many parts of the world is improving. For example, MISR air quality quality data in Southern California from 2000-2015, has been able to separate sulfate, nitrate, organic carbon, and elemental carbon particles, showing dramatic reductions in the level of harmful human-caused airborne particles, providing evidence that environmental policy changes worked.
Image credit: dit: NASA JPL, Emory University, and the California Air Resources Board published in Atmospheric Environment in May 2018
Another pollutant tracked by Terra is carbon monoxide – the odorless, colorless and potentially deadly gas emitted from cars, factories and forest fires. Terra’s MOPITT instrument tracks global levels and sources of carbon monoxide, which have been showing improvement. Through this valuable data we have a better understanding of how carbon monoxide travels through our atmosphere and where people may be affected by unusually high levels.
Vegetation
Plants play an important role in producing the clean air and food we need to survive. By measuring Earth’s greenness, Terra’s MODIS and Advanced Spaceborne Thermal Emission and Reflection Radiometer (ASTER) instruments are monitoring the health of those plants. Green landcover indicates healthy forests, grasslands, and crops, while brown and yellow can signify stressed plants. Terra’s daily coverage revolutionized how we monitor our green and living planet.
Credit: NASA/Marit Jentof-Nilsen
Earth’s seasons impact where vegetation grows at different times of the year. Terra’s MODIS sensor measures plant health as seasons change. With 20 years of data, and still more collected daily, scientists are able to compare annual changes, helping us understand how varying weather conditions impact plant health.
Credit: NASA Earth Observatory/Lauren Dauphin
For example, when water is scarce, crops can suffer. MODIS and ASTER measure crop health as growing conditions change. This helps aid workers and officials better predict where food shortages may occur and adjust prices or send aid where needed.
Natural Hazard Aid
Food shortages can be deadly, and Terra’s data are critical when they occur. But this is not the only type of a natural hazard where Terra data is used. Terra also provides essential data about wildfires, floods, volcanic eruptions, and storms.
As wildfires burn more intensely and increasingly threaten people’s homes, MODIS provides critical information. Before a fire even starts, vegetation data from MODIS helps resource managers understand when land is dry and susceptible to fires. MODIS instruments on Terra and its sister satellite, Aqua, along with the Visible Infrared Imaging Radiometer Suite (VIIRS) scan Earth daily for hot spots, allowing local officials and emergency personnel to respond to fires quickly. The rapid response can potentially save lives, property, and lessen the economic impacts from fighting the fire after it grows. MISR helps track the spread of smoke and harmful aerosols, improving air quality forecasts in smoke-affected areas. This helps protect some of our most vulnerable populations.
Volcanoes are another source of airborne pollutants. Volcanic eruptions emit harmful gases, smoke and ash into the atmosphere, affecting air quality and posing a threat to airplanes and areas down wind. MODIS and ASTER work together to monitor volcanic activity, particularly in remote regions. When MODIS detects an abnormal hot spot over a volcano, a request for a high-resolution ASTER image is automatically scheduled. ASTER’s high-resolution visible and infrared measurements provide unparalleled information about erupting volcanoes, and even help to better anticipate when one may erupt.
MODIS daily images also track volcanic ash in the air, which can damage jet engines. MISR is used to estimate volcanic plume height, which provides a better estimate of where ash is in the atmosphere. Both MISR and MODIS measurements help decision makers divert air traffic away from ash plumes, by better anticipating where the hazardous volcanic ash is traveling in the atmosphere.
Another natural hazard where Terra data is essential is during floods. MODIS and ASTER data show clearly which areas are affected. The daily images by MODIS detect when large areas are covered by flood water. ASTER provides detailed images of land use and can provide high-resolution images that quickly identify specific areas in need of assistance. This data can also be used to track the changes in river levels and coastal flooding.
ASTER captured these images of the Mississippi River before flooding on May 11, 2011 and after floodwaters covered the land on April 21, 2011 near Natchez, Mississippi.
Credit: Earth Observatory/Jesse Allen and Robert Simmon
Flooding often happens after a large storm, and Terra’s MISR provides important information about a hurricane’s cloud heights and winds. MODIS tracks storms over the ocean and provides images that detail the destruction after the storm makes landfall. When storms generate tornadoes, ASTER is able to show us in greater detail their path after they pass, which allows aid agencies to quickly identify areas spared or devastated by the twister.
Atmosphere and Energy
Severe weather is affected by how the Sun’s energy changes the temperature of our atmosphere, oceans, and land. And that energy is important to sustaining life on Earth. The energy from the Sun and Earth keeps our planet healthy and hospitable. Terra’s Clouds and the Earth’s Radiant Energy System (CERES) instrument is dedicated to measuring Earth’s energy as it interacts with clouds, aerosols, and Earth’s surface. Terra’s other instruments monitor these key players that influence Earth’s energy balance.
MODIS and ASTER look at Earth and measure how different surfaces – such as dark soil or white snow – absorb or reflect energy. MISR and MODIS measure clouds and aerosols, which can trap and reflect energy. MOPITT monitors the influence of carbon monoxide on greenhouse gases, which can trap energy within Earth’s atmosphere. All of this data is used to create more accurate climate models that are backed by 20 years of climate data, one of the longest climate data records available.
Credit: NASA GSFC Scientific Visualization Studio/Tom Bridgman
Models like this can help us better understand how Earth is changing, and help us to anticipate what the future may hold.
Looking to the future, Terra continues to provide useful and necessary data. Terra originally launched to help us understand more about Earth, but has far exceeded its expectations. Today, because of Terra, we know more about Earth’s interconnected systems – land, water, and air – and new essential applications are being developed all the time. “Terra is perhaps the single most important NASA Earth Science Mission ever (1).” Over the past two decades, it has it revolutionized our understanding of our home planet and continues to be an integral part of helping make life better for all of us on Earth.
1 – NASA Earth Science Senior Review Subcommittee Report, 2017